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(p.237) Index
(p.237) Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abernathy, Friddie, 83
Adult world, black boys in, 54–55
Allen, O. J., 38–39
Allen, W. M., 11
American Negro (Thomas), 81
A.M.E. Zion church, 22
Amusement parks, 59
Askew, O. E., 73
Atkins, Simon G., 139
Avant, W. George, 121
Avery, John Moses, 167–68
Badham, Fannie, 120
Baiting youth to attend church, 68–69
Baker, C. H., 85
Baptist State Convention:
Board of Promotion, 48;
gender revolt in, 45–51;
hierarchy of, 170;
purpose of, 19;
rival, 30;
See also Women's Baptist Convention
Baptist Young People's Union, 71
Baxter, Maxi, 87
Bederman, Gail, 132
Better Homes campaign, 26–27
Bickett, Mrs. Thomas, 146
Black church:
identities of, 23;
men's involvement in, 42–43;
paternalism in, 31;
relevance of, to youth and in modern age, 63–64;
Social Gospel ideology and, 39;
YMI and, 86
Blackwell, Annie, 21
Blake, Sylvia V., 145
Bolles, J. W., 150
Boy problem:
“bad atmosphere” and, 52–60;
cultural schools and, 76–81;
in nineteenth century, 62;
overview of, 93–94;
respectability and, 169;
YMCAs and, 64–67.
See also Young Men's Institute (YMI)
Boys, black pride among, 42–43
Boys’ conferences, 66–67
Boy Scouts, 66
Brawley, Benjamin G., 74
Briggs, Ida, 131
Brown, Calvin Scott:
Board of Promotion and, 48;
photo of, 97;
on rival convention, 30;
version of protection by, 47–48;
Brown, Elsa Barkley, 4
Brown, H. B., 84
Brown, J. S., 49
Brown, Mrs. Rev. J. S., 55–56
Bruce, John E., 118
(p.238)
Bryant, R. Kelly, 111
Bureau of Race Welfare, 56
Burrell, Mary, 48–49
Burroughs, Nannie Helen, 40
Business districts, black, 57–58
Campbell, R. F., 148
Carroll, Richard, 27
Cartwright, R. R., 49–50
Chavis, John, 151
Church. See Black church; specific churches
Church activism of black women:
gendered interpretation of biblical texts and, 31–32;
revolt against treatment by churchmen, 45–51
Clinton, Charles, 42
Coleman, W. T., 63
The Colored American, 151
Colored Betterment League, 92
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, 18–19
Colored Sunday School Convention, 62–63
Commission on Interracial Cooperation, 153
Community-building efforts, 92–93
Cooperation:
The Correct Thing, to Do, to Say, to Wear, (C. H. Brown), 80–81
Cotten, Bruce, 152
Croom, A. S., 68
Crusaders Organization, 68
Cultural fields, 6
Cultural hegemonic trope of manhood, 7
Cultural schools, 76–81
Cultural terrain inhabited by black men, 15–16
Dabney, Thomas L., 151–52
Davenport, W. H., 65–66
Davis, Emma, 91
Defining manhood, churchmen and, 50–51
Delaney, Martin, 109
Dellinger, J. E., 104–5
Denouncement of shortcomings of men, 145–47
DePriest, Oscar, 123
Dickson, Isaac, 84
Dickson, James Bryant, 92
Dixon, E. H., 144
Dual gender consciousness, 50
Du Bois, W.E.B.:
on education, 4;
Jamestown exhibition and, 150;
NAACP and, 155;
secret societies and, 105–6;
suffrage and, 146;
“talented tenth” philosophy of, 88;
at YMI, 82
Dusenbury, Lula Martin, 12
Dusenbury, Paul, 12
Earl, Hattie, 91
Eastern Star auxiliary. See Order of the Eastern Star
Eaton, J. Y., 117
Emancipation Day ceremonies:
attendance and activities at, 144–45;
black national anthem at, 159;
class and, 158;
(p.239)
description of, 131–32;
as discursive site, 164–65;
interracial cooperation and, 132–33;
meaning of, 163;
origins of, 133–34;
purpose of, 136;
racial uplift and, 165–66;
in Raleigh, 136;
role of women in, 145–47;
at YMI, 131
Fairclough, Adam, 153
Farrakhan, Louis, 13
Federal employment, 154
Felski, Rita, 32
Feminist methodology, 4
Financial support of Baptist women, 45
Floyd's Flowers (manual), 53–54
Foote, Julia A. J., 112
Forten, James, 108
Fortune, T. Thomas, 151
Fowler, Daisy, 91
Fowler, Fred, 91
Foy, Letitia L., 113
Frazier, E. Franklin, 29
Freedom celebrations. See Emancipation Day ceremonies
Freemasonry:
description of, 104;
function of, 115;
gender identity and, 105–8;
moral ethics and, 117–18;
politics and, 122–29;
race and, 109;
women in, 111–12.
See also Grand Lodge; Prince Hall Masons
Friend, Craig Thompson, 5–6
Gaines, Kevin, 3
Garrett, York, 113
Gender differences, and boyhood, 55
Gendered dynamics:
freemasonry and, 106–8;
of interracial outreach and collective problem-solving, 130–32;
of race activism, 167;
in YMI, 83–94
Gender elasticity, 6
Gender system, Victorian, 17–18
George, Anna, 83
Georgia State Fair, 135
Gilkes, Cheryl Townsend, 23
Gilmore, Glenda, 3
Glover, Lorri, 5–6
Grady, Henry, 137
Graham, A. A., 46
Grandfather clauses, 8
Great Depression, 124
Great Migration, 160–61
Gutman, Herbert, 5
Haddock, W. H., 117
Hall, John, 138–39
Hall, Prince, 108
Hamilton, George, 86
Hamilton, J. H., 91
Hampton, Wade, 137
Hargrove, F. S., 123
Hariston, J. W., 39
Harris, Eugene, 9
Harris, Fenton, 86–87
Harris-Johnson, Bettie, 145
Harrison, R. D., 117
Harrison, Richard B., 90
Haynes, George, 156
Haywood, William Dallas, 140
Herring, Kate, 155
“Holding the boy,” 70–71
Holiness practice, 35–36
Holloman, J. L., 74
Hood, James Walker, 107
Horton, George Moses, 151
Howell, Charles Thomas, 98
Howell, Mary, 76
Hufham, Thomas M., 139
Hunter, Andrea, 4
Hunter, Charles Norfleet:
accommodation and, 165;
death of, 164;
Jamestown Exhibit and, 148–50;
Jim Crow theatrical pageant and, 158;
journalism of, 150–51;
as leader, 166;
Raleigh Emancipation Day ceremonies and, 136;
slave memories and, 152–53;
Hunter, Mrs. Charles Norfleet, 145
Hunter, Osborne, Jr., 135
Hunter, Osborne, Sr., 140
Hunton, William A., 64
Industrialization, and migration, 57
Interpretation of experience, 151–52
Jackson, L. T., 130
Jackson, William Clinton, 159
Jamestown celebration exhibit, 148–50
Janiewski, Dolores, 92
Jim Crow laws:
black church and, 23;
effects of, on black men, 6;
emigration from state and, 2;
passage of, 8;
passive resistance to, 59;
responses to, 153
Jim Crow theatrical pageant, 158
Johnson, E. A., 72
Johnson, S. A., 44
Johnson, S. C., 32
Jones, Absalom, 108
Jones, Ed, 99
Kennedy, William, 42
Kennedy, W. J., Jr., 67
Kerlin, Robert T., 156
Knights of Pythias, 124
Kyle, L. W., 162
Leadership:
competing ambitions of, 133;
on cooperation with white power structure, 147–48;
at Emancipation Day ceremonies and state fairs, 131–32;
overview of, 131;
politics and, 139–40;
praise and condemnation of audiences by, 142–44;
rhetoric about, 157.
See also specific leaders
Lewis, Earl, 142
Linney, Frank A., 155
Lipscomb, Mrs. E. H., 145
Lipscombe, C. C., 90
Logan, Rayford, 7
Long, Cora B., 69
Look Homeward Angel (Wolfe), 87
Lynch, Mary, 40
Mammy (C. H. Brown), 146–47
Manhood:
cultural hegemonic trope of, 7;
defining, and churchmen, 50–51;
public spaces and, 168;
scholarship on, 5–6
Master/slave reunion dinners, 148
McCauley, L. E., 155
McCoy, Alonzo, 90
McDowell, Stanley, 100
McLaughlin, Eleanor, 32
McLean, Angus W., 161
McNamee, Charles, 84
Middle class:
biases of, 72;
racial uplift and, 12–13;
respectability and, 58–60;
urbanization and, 58–59;
YMI and, 92
Millennialist outlook, 140
(p.241)
Miller, Kelly, 85
Million Man March, 13
Ministers, cultivation and support of, 37–38
Mjagkij, Nina, 65
Modernity, embrace of, and fairs, 134–35
Moore, Bartholomew F., 136
Moore, C. A., 73
Moore, Thomas, 99
Moorland, Jesse E., 64
Morris, Robert, 111
Morrow, J. S., 84
Mossell, Nathan, 150
Music, as socializing tool for children, 70–71
Neely, Lizzie, 24
Neely, Thomas B., 43
New Negro Man, 41
New York Age, 151
Nickle, E. D., 144
Nicks, Robert, 79–80
Nipson, John, Jr., 88
North Carolina Black Baptist Convention, 17
North Carolina Industrial Association, 135
Order of the Eastern Star:
aid work of, 113–14;
founding of, 111–12;
patriarchal authority and, 107–8;
structure of, 112–13;
suffrage and, 123–24;
Summers on, 106
Orner, Eloise, 91
Orner, Samuel, 130–31
Oxley, Lawrence A., 56
Pair, Cora A., 45
Palmer Memorial Institute, 79–80
Paternalism, in black church, 31
Patriotism, demonstrations of, 154–55
Pearson, E. W., 100
Penn, Mrs. Garland, 73
Perry, J. W., 116
Plessy v. Ferguson, 8
Poe, Clarence, 155
Politics:
black leadership and, 139–40;
freemasonry and, 122–29. See also specific political parties
Pope, Manassa Thomas, 15
Potter, Mary, 76
Prince Hall Masons:
benevolence and charity of, 117;
classist rhetoric of, 116;
communal infrastructure and, 116–17;
Dellinger on, 104;
financial issues and, 126–27;
rehabilitation of freemasonry and, 124–25;
roots of, 108;
Progressive, race relations as, 138–39
Prostitution, houses of, 148
Public spaces:
in African-American tradition, 22;
black community and, 170–71;
within church, 30–31;
dissension in, 51;
manhood and, 168;
in YMI, 82–94
“Race man,” 171
Race relations, nadir in, 7–8
(p.242)
Race riots:
in 1920, 155;
at turn of twentieth century, 7–8;
white supremacy campaigns and, 53;
in Winston-Salem, 122
Racial reform, during Jim Crow, 3–4
Racial uplift:
black men's role in, 168;
Emancipation Day and state fair events and, 165–66;
Floyd's Flowers and, 53–54;
gender and, 20;
middle-class men and, 12–13;
state fairs and, 141;
Victorianism and, 58;
white reformers and, 148
“Radical obedience,” 32
Randolph, L. R., 120
Religion, and masonry, 110
“Review of Negro Life in North Carolina with My Recollections” (C. N. Hunter), 152
Riddick, I. S., 74
Roberts, Lossie B., 145
Rockefeller, Laura Spelman, 56
Rogers, J. A., 156–57
Rolinson, Mary, 10–11
Ruether, Rosemary, 32
Russell, Daniel, 1
Samuels, J. E., 157
Sanders, D. J., 66
Sex segregation in urban areas, 91–92
Sexual behavior of African Americans, 40–41
Shaw, Mary, 77
Shepard, Augustus, 20
Shepard, Hattie, 48
Simmons, Furnifold, 114–15
Simmons, W. S., 120–21
Smith, Harry, 144
Smith, J. C., 21
Smith, J. W., 2
Social Gospel ideology, 39
Social reform, 40–42
Southern Manhood (Friend and Glover), 5–6
Spanish-American War, 9–10
Spaulding, Charles Clinton (C. C.):
Baptist State Convention and, 48;
at boys’ conference, 67;
on Boy Scout movement, 66;
on Sunday schools, 74–75;
Stannard, Hannah, 44
Star of Zion (journal), 11
State fairs, “colored”:
attendance and activities at, 144–45;
description of, 131–32;
as discursive site, 164–65;
Emancipation Day ceremonies, 136;
exhibits for, 135;
Hunter and, 162;
interracial cooperation and, 132–33;
legislative support for, 149;
in North Carolina, 135–36;
origins of, 134–35;
role of women in, 145–47;
speakers at, 136
Streetcar legislation, 8
Sunday School Forward movement, 68
Swopes, Rodney Rush, 82
Talbert, Mary, 128
Tate, W. K., 71
Teachers, black, 153
Telfair, J. W., 121
(p.243)
Temperance workers, 40
Texts, multivalent meaning of, 32
Third Regiment, 10
Thomas, William Hannibal, 81
Tinsley, J. A., 67
Tobias, Channing, 161–62
Torrence, Dr. William, 99
Trent, William J.:
McKissick and, 90;
photo of, 98;
tribute program for, 103;
Walker and, 88–89;
on YMI women, 83
Tucker, Henry St. George, 150
Tupper, Henry M., 34
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 10
Urbanization, and boys, 56–59
Urban League, 143
Values of churchmen, 69–70
Vass, S. N., 32
Vincent, A. B., 28
Walker, Lizzie L., 32
Walker, Ormonde, 162
Waring, J.H.N., 69–70
Washington, Booker T.:
at Atlanta Exposition, 88;
as black spokesman, 40;
on education, 4;
“New Negroes for a New Century,” 135;
on secret societies, 105–6;
Washington, Mrs. Booker T., 27
Weare, Walter, 140
Weeks, A.L.E., 37
White reformers and racial uplift, 148
White supremacist ideology:
Aycock and, 137–38;
home and, 21–22;
Spanish-American War and, 9–10;
Wilson and, 154
Whitted, James, 110
Whitted, John Alston (J. A.):
on churchmen, 38;
on convention, 28;
photo of, 96;
on race work, 43–44;
Willard, Frances, 23
Williams, Charles H., 63
Williams, Charles N., 142
Williams, Fannie Barrier, 167
Williams, James E., 117
Williams, M. W., 70
Wilson, Woodrow, 154
Winston-Salem, 122
Witherspoon, W. F., 67
Wolfe, Thomas, 87
Womack, Mrs. S. S., 11
“Woman's Era,” 3
Women:
behavior appropriate for, 21;
boys and, 55–56;
community work of, 128;
gender roles of, 92;
labor of, outside home, 72;
moral lapses of race and, 73;
public presence of, 113–14;
social reform and, 40;
YMI and, 83;
Women's Christian Temperance Union, 40
Woodson, Carter G., 151
World fairs, 134
Worlds, J. J., 121
World's Columbian Exposition, 134
YMI. See Young Men's Institute
Young, Ada, 131
Young, James H.:
Washington and, 139
Young Men's Institute (YMI):
assistance given by, 89–90;
black women and, 83;
boys and, 56;
community-building efforts and, 92–93;
debt of, 85–86;
Emancipation Day ceremony of, 131;
founding of, 84;
functions and offerings of, 86;
gender identity for male youth and, 81;
members of, 86–87;
“Solve the Problem” meeting at, 130–31