The Last Jihad and the End of Hijra, 1911–1920
The Last Jihad and the End of Hijra, 1911–1920
This chapter begins with the Italian invasion of Libya, which reinvigorated the Pan Islam movement, and the French decision to impose military conscription on Algerian Muslims, which set off a new wave of hijra to the east. It moves through World War I, when Algerians served as soldiers and workers in France, and Islamic movements stirred rebellions in the Sahara. During the war, the French organized a pilgrimage to Mecca for North African Muslims, led by Algerians. The Algerian community in Syria was a lively environment, the scene of a debate over whether to trust English support for the Arab Revolt or attempt to negotiate with Young Turk authorities, and of a dynamic movement to promote Muslim girls' education led by Naziq al-̓Abid. On the final day of the war a grandson of ̓Abd al-Qadir who had worked with T.E. Lawrence, then turned against him, was killed by Sharifian forces in Damascus.
Keywords: World War I, military conscription, Pan Islam, pilgrimage to Mecca, Arab Revolt, Muslim girls' education, Naziq al-̓Abid, T.E. Lawrence
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