The Biographical Crisis
The Biographical Crisis
Chapter 3 examines a dilation of the personal circumstances, during the late summer of 1904, of Joyce's writing of “After the Race,” principally his estrangement from his erstwhile male friends, especially Oliver St. John Gogarty. This rivalry Joyce subsequently developed with great virtuosity in the “Telemachus” episode of Ulysses. The figure of Villona is drawn after French medieval poet, François Villon, and musician Arnold Dolmetsch. These glosses help us appreciate the first draft of Joyce's self-representation as an artist.
Keywords: biographical criticism, Oliver Gogarty, François Villon, Arnold Dolmetsch, Villona, self-representation
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